Frequently Cited Studies
The expert responses on GMO Answers reference a wide range of information, research and data about GMOs and biotechnology in agriculture. To help make information about GMOs easier to access and understand, we pulled together a list of frequently cited studies referenced in the Ask section and Studies and Articles section of the website. We included information from different perspectives for example, studies that affirm the safety of GMOs and those that call it into question so that you can dig deeper, examine the information, and make up your own mind.
We also understand that there is interest in knowing the funding sources for studies referenced on GMO Answers. To help address this issue, we have included funding information for the studies below when publically available. Find funding information for each study by clicking the 
icon found next to each study listing.
Looking for more studies?
You also may find an extensive list of peer-reviewed research in Biology Fortified, Inc.'s GENERA (GENetic Engineering Risk Atlas). This comprehensive database consists of peer-reviewed research on the relative risks of genetically engineered crops. You can search for studies on different crops, traits, and funding sources, and even make quick charts of their results. Biology Fortified, Inc. (BFI) is an independent non-profit organization with a mission to strengthen the public discussion of issues in biology, with particular emphasis on genetics and genetic engineering in agriculture.
Health and Safety
Genetically Engineered Crops: Experiences and Prospects
STUDY FUNDING
Authors: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2016)
Republished study: long-term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize
STUDY FUNDING
Authors: Séralini, Gilles-Éric, et al. (2014)
A long-term toxicology study on pigs fed a combined genetically modified (GM) soy and GM maize diet
STUDY FUNDING
Authors: Carman, Judy, et al. (2013)
Determination of Glyphosate residues in human urine samples from 18 European countries
STUDY FUNDING
Authors: Gemeinschaftpraxis fur Laboratoriumsmedizin, Mikrobiologie und Infektionsepidemiologie, Biochemie Umweltmedizin (2013)
Composition of Grain and Forage from Insect-Protected and Herbicide-Tolerant Corn, MON 89034 × TC1507 × MON 88017 × DAS-59122-7 (SmartStax), Is Equivalent to That of Conventional Corn (Zea mays L.)
STUDY FUNDING
Authors: Lundry, Denise R., et al. (2013)
(Paid subscription required)
Hematotoxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis as Spore-crystal Strains Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac or Cry2Aa in Swiss Albino Mice
STUDY FUNDING
Authors: Mezzomo, Bélin Poletto, et al. (2013)
An overview of the last 10 years of genetically engineered crop safety research
http://www.aboca.com/it) for the financial support on manuscript preparation.">STUDY FUNDING
Authors: Nicolia, Alessandro, et al. (2013) **
Glyphosate, pathways to modern diseases II: Celiac sprue and gluten intolerance
STUDY FUNDING
Authors: Samsel, Anthony and Seneff, Stephanie (2013)
Glyphosate induces human breast cancer cells growth via estrogen receptors
STUDY FUNDING
Authors: Thongprakaisang, S. (2013)
(Paid subscription required)
GMOs in animal agriculture: time to consider both costs and benefits in regulatory evaluations
STUDY FUNDING
Authors: Van Eenennaam, Alison L. (2013)
Assessment of the health impact of GM plant diets in long-term and multigenerational animal feeding trials: A literature review
STUDY FUNDING
Authors: Snell, Chelsea, et al. (2011) **
(Paid subscription required)
Developmental and Reproductive Outcomes in Humans and Animals After Glyphosate Exposure: A Critical Analysis
STUDY FUNDING
Authors: Williams, Amy Lavin, et al. (2011)
(Paid subscription required)
A decade of EU-funded GMO research
STUDY FUNDING
Authors: European Commission (2010) **
Bt Cotton and Farmer Suicides in India
STUDY FUNDING
Authors: Gruere, Guillaume, Mehta-Bhatt, Purvi, Debdatta Sengupta (2008)
Nutritional and Safety Assessments of Foods and Feeds Nutritionally Improved through Biotechnology: Case Studies
STUDY FUNDING
Authors: International Life Sciences Institute (2008)
Evaluation of DNA damage in an Ecuadorian population exposed to glyphosate
STUDY FUNDING
Authors: Paz-y-Miño, César, et al. (2006)
GMOs and the Environment
Effects of transgene products on honey bees (Apis mellifera) and bumblebees (Bombussp.)
STUDY FUNDING
Authors: Malone, Louise A., and Pham-Delegue, Minh-Ha (2000)
The Production and Price Impact of Biotech Crops
STUDY FUNDING
Authors: Brookes, Graham, et al. (2010)
Natural variation in crop composition and the impact of transgenesis
STUDY FUNDING
Authors: Harrigan, George G., et al. (2010)
(Paid subscription required)
Measuring the contribution of Bt cotton adoption to India’s cotton yields leap
STUDY FUNDING
Authors: Gruere, Guillaume P., and Sun, Yan (2012)
Biological aspects of Harmonia axyridis in comparison with Cycloneda sanguinea and Hippodamia convergens
STUDY FUNDING
Authors: Laís da Conceição dos Santos, et al. (2013)
Sustainability and innovation in staple crop production in the US Midwest
STUDY FUNDING
Authors: Heinemann, Jack A., et al. (2014)
Global economic benefits of GM crops reach $150 billion
STUDY FUNDING
Authors: Barfoot, Peter, and Brookes, Graham (2016)
Future of GMOs
Why do the biotechnology and the climate change debates hardly mix? Evidence from a global stakeholder survey
STUDY FUNDING
Authors: Aerni, Philipp (2012)
(Paid subscription required)
Agricultural Biotechnology: Economics, Environment, Ethics, and the Future
STUDY FUNDING
Authors: Bennett, Alan B., et al. (2013)
(Paid subscription required)
Pesticides and Herbicides
A Meta-Analysis of Effects of Bt Crops on Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
STUDY FUNDING
Authors: Duan, Jian J., et al. (2008) *
Bt Crop Effects on Functional Guilds of Non-Target Arthropods: A Meta-Analysis
STUDY FUNDING
Authors: Wolfenbarger, L. LaReesa, et al. (2008) *
Feeding Behavior of Neonate Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on Cry1Ab Bt Corn: Implications for Resistance Management
STUDY FUNDING
Authors: Razze, J. M., Mason, C. E., and Pizzolato, T. D. (2011)
(Paid subscription required)
Glyphosate Effects on Plant Mineral Nutrition, Crop Rhizosphere Microbiota, and Plant Disease in Glyphosate-Resistant Crops
STUDY FUNDING
Authors: Duke, Stephen O., et al. (2012)
Study funding information: Information regarding the funding for each study was pulled directly from the study and was not edited by GMO Answers. If information regarding the funding was not available in the report, it is noted as follows: “Study funding not available”.
* Meta-analysis: Meta-analysis refers to the systematic assessment of several separate, but similar, experiments or studies to test for statistical significance.
** Literature review: A literature review is a report evaluating or describing the literature related to a selected area of study.